Erosion refers to the gradual loss of tooth enamel through physical or chemical processes, which can significantly compromise the health and integrity of the teeth. Unlike tooth decay, which is caused by bacterial activity and plaque buildup, enamel erosion occurs when the hard outer layer of the tooth is worn away by non-bacterial factors, including both physical wear and chemical damage.
One of the most common causes of erosion is the frequent consumption of acidic foods and drinks, such as citrus fruits, soft drinks, fruit juices, and vinegar-based products. The high acidity of these substances can gradually dissolve the enamel, leading to thinning and weakening of the tooth’s protective surface. Over time, this can result in increased tooth sensitivity, discoloration, and an increased risk of cavities, as the softer, more vulnerable underlying dentin becomes exposed.
In addition to dietary factors, nutritional disorders can also contribute to enamel erosion. For instance, eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa, where frequent vomiting occurs, can expose the teeth to stomach acids, which are highly corrosive to tooth enamel. Similarly, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause stomach acid to flow back into the mouth, leading to acid exposure on a regular basis, and thereby accelerating the erosion process.
Pregnancy can also play a role in enamel erosion. During pregnancy, changes in hormone levels can contribute to a range of dental issues, including increased acidity in the mouth. In some cases, morning sickness and frequent nausea may result in the regurgitation of stomach acid, which weakens the enamel on the teeth. Moreover, mineral deficiencies that can occur during pregnancy—particularly deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus—may further compromise the structural integrity of the enamel, leading to its gradual degradation.
